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Asian Tiger Mosquito Aedes albopictus (Skuse) -- Diptera: Culicidae |
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The Asian tiger mosquito entered the United
States in shipments of used tires from northern Asia in the mid-1980s. It can survive in a broad range
of climates and has spread rapidly from the point of first detection in the
south-central United States. Prior to
its successful invasion of the southeastern United States, isolated
introductions of this mosquito were detected and eradicated in California in
1971 and 1987. In 2001, the Asian
tiger mosquito was found in two northern and four southern counties of
California. This mosquito did not
spread to California from the ongoing invasion in eastern and central U.S.,
but was introduced into the State in shipments of ornamental bamboo
("Lucky Bamboo") from South China.
Rapid detection of introduction and control efforts prohibited the
spread of this species throughout California. The tiger mosquito is a very efficient vector of a variety of
mosquito-borne pathogens that cause debilitating diseases in humans and
domestic animals. Adult
mosquitoes are black with conspicuous white stripes. A distinctive single white stripe runs the
length of the back. Body length is
approximately 0.5 centimeter.
Distinct silver-white bands are evident on the palpus and tarsi. Eggs are approximately 0.1 centimeter in
length and dark brown to black. Eggs
are laid in moist areas just above the water surface and are capable of
overwintering. Eggs hatch upon
inundation and immature stages (larvae and pupae) of the life cycle occur in
water. Larvae are filter feeders and
occur in standing water found in discarded tires, small containers and tree
holes. Pupae are comma-shaped and dark brown in color. The
mosquito mosquito is also an aggressive biter that feeds primarily during the
day and has a broad host range including man, domestic and wild animals, and
birds. It is a potential vector of
encephalitis, dengue (all four serotypes), yellow fever and dog
heartworm. West Nile virus also has
been detected in this species in the eastern U.S. This mosquito is a competent vector of LaCrosse encephalitis
and eastern equine encephalitis viruses.
The Asian tiger mosquito also is a competent vector of two
encephalitis viruses routinely monitored throughout California, St. Louis
encephalitis (SLE) and western equine encephalomyelitis viruses. However, recent studies suggest that virus
levels in naturally infected avian hosts are generally insufficient to infect
this mosquito, which might diminish its status as great a threat for virus
transmission in California as do Culex
mosquitoes. St. Louis Equine virus is
a disease that is often very serious in young children and the elderly,
attacking the central nervous system and occasionally causing death. Yellow fever is an extremely serious
disease that is not established in the U.S. or in regions adjacent to the
contiguous United States. Although
the Asian tiger mosquito is a competent laboratory vector of several viral
pathogens, there is no evidence to date that this mosquito has caused human
disease in the United States. The
tiger mosquito is native to Southeast Asia and has been spread along major
transportation routes by human activities, particularly commercial movement
of scrap tires, to more than 900 counties in 26 states in the continental USA
as well as Hawaii. Aedes albopictus was found again in
California in 2001 and sporadically thereafter through 2004. Although introductions to ports and
nurseries have been controlled, this species continues to pose a threat to
public health in California.
Introduction of this species in standing water, enclosed containers where
pools of water are present, or by desiccation-resistant eggs associated with
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